History Of Agriculture - Before Independence

HISTORY:

BEFORE INDEPENDENCE:

Before independence the agriculture procedure is completely different. It varies from one period to other period. The different periods are as follows:

• Early History - Mehrgarh Period
• Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 200 CE) - Maha Janapadas Period
• Early Common Era (200-1200 CE) - High middle Ages
• Late middle Ages (1757-1947 CE) - Early Modern Era
• Colonial British Era (1757-1947 CE)

Early History:

Many staple food items such as wheat, barley were domesticated by 9000 BCE. It is followed by the domestication of the sheep and goat. Even the domestication of elephant was seen in this period. In 8000-6000 BCE i.e. in mehrgarh period itself the cultivation of barley and wheat including sheep, goat and cattle domestication was seen. The primary economy activities such as planting crops in two or six rows, threshing and storage of grains in the gainers were seen in this period. 

During Neolithic revolution, roughly around 8000-5000 BCE dominant support was far for the human societies was far from the agriculture even though the people those who adopted this survived and moved to next generation successfully. The agriculture communities were widely increased in Kashmir by 5th millennium BCE. Cotton is also cultivated in the same period and industries were developed. During this period few methodologies like cotton spinning and fabrication were used and its continued in the modern industrialization.

Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 200 CE) - Maha Janapadas Period:

In the later Vedic writings (c. 3000 -2500 BP) there are rehashed references to farming engineering and works on, including iron executes; the development of cereals, vegetables, and tree grown foods; the utilization of meat and milk and creature cultivation. Ranchers furrowed the soil. Broadcast seeds, and utilized a certain succession of editing and fallowing. Dairy animals fertilizer gave manure, and watering system was rehearsed.

Early Common Era (200-1200 CE) - High Middle Ages :

The ruler in this period was Chola Empire. During this period many new agricultural products were developed by Tamilians in a wide range they are rice, black pepper, sugarcane, coconuts, millets, beans, various grains, tamarind, sandalwood and plantain. To protect agriculture various techniques were used such as manuring, weeding, irrigation, systematic ploughing. For the cultivation of these crops water is very essential so people in that period started building dams and water storage systems. On the river kaveri a dam called Kallanai was built and it's still in use.

Late middle Ages (1757-1947 CE) - Early Modern Era:

The ruler in this period was Akbar the great. In this period the water work technology was explained in Arabic and Persian, due to this irrigation systems were given rise by irrigation technologies and this increased the economic growth as well as material culture growth. Because of this domination of cultivating between different place in India was started. The main dominating materials are rice in Gujarat, wheat and millets in central and north India.   

In India many of the crops were introduced during this period, like tobacco, pineapple, papaya and cashew nuts with the help of Portuguese, black pepper with the help of Malabar Coast, coffee with the help of Abyssinia and tea was grown in Assam. Most of the vegetables were cultivated in Vicinity of towns. And later on the cultivation of the mangoes and citrus fruits were also developed.

With the help of Akbar the great and Todarmal the agriculture methods were elaborated, and the cultivated Indian crops like sugar, cotton, fruits were moved to different places like North Africa, Spain, Middle East, due to this methods economy was increased in India.

5) Colonial British Era (1757-1947 CE) :

The ruler during this period was British Raj in India. In this global market was introduced for few important crops such as rice and cotton. In and around Chennai 800 villages  used to do agriculture works for the production of varies food items.